Surgical management of chronic osteomyelitis: Organisms, recurrence and treatment outcome / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The study aimed to identify the risk factors of recurrence in chronic osteomyelitis (COM) and to document the microbiological patterns pre- and intra-operatively and at recurrence, if any.@*METHODS@#We performed retrospective review on COM patients treated with surgical debridement and a 6-week course of antibiotics. The patients with symptoms of osteomyelitis for at least 6 weeks, present or past episodes of discharging sinus, documentation of bone sequestration in operative notes or preoperative images were included in the study. Patients with symptoms of osteomyelitis < 6 weeks, lack of history of discharging sinus or lack of evidence of sequestration in preoperative images or intraoperative notes were excluded. Logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of risk factors of recurrence. Cohen-Kappa scores were derived to see the concordance between pre-operative and intra-operative isolates and at recurrence.@*RESULTS@#Totally, 147 COM patients (115 males and 32 females, mean age (33 ± 19) years) were included in this study. Recurrence was noted in 28 patients (19.0%). Polymicrobial growth and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae increased the chance of recurrence. Cierny-Mader stage-1, hematogenous aetiology and negative intraoperative culture reduced the chance of recurrence. Concordance between pre-operative and intra-operative cultures was 59.85% (Kappa score 0.526, p < 0.001) and between index surgery and at recurrence was 23.81% (Kappa score 0.155, p < 0.001). Lack of knowledge of causative organism preoperatively did not affect outcome. At mean follow-up (42 ± 15) months, all patients were apparently infection free for at least 1 year.@*CONCLUSION@#Polymicrobial growth and multi-drug resistant organisms increase the risk of recurrence in COM. Patients' age, gender, diabetes mellitus, previous failed treatment, duration of symptoms, haemoglobin, white cell count, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at presentation did not have any impact on the recurrence of infection. Pre-operative isolation of organism is of questionable value. Recurrences of infections do occur and are more of re-infections than relapses. Diligent isolation of organism must be attempted even in re-debridements. Even patients with recurrences do well with appropriate debridement and antibiotic therapy.

Tratamento cirúrgico da osteomielite dos maxilares: relato de caso / Surgical treatment of osteomyelitis of the jaws: Case report / Tratamento quirúrgico de la osteomielitis de los maxilares: reporte de um caso

A Osteomielite dos Maxilares (OM) é uma inflamação óssea, de origem na maioria infecciosa, podendo atingir a porção medular e cortical dos ossos maxilares. Apresenta-se em maior extensão na mandíbula, devido ao pobre suprimento sanguíneo que essa possui, sendo mais prevalente em homens entre a faixa etária de 40 a 60 anos. Sua etiologia está relacionada principalmente às infecções odontogênicas, infecções secundárias e corpos estranhos ocasionais, como os implantes dentários. Tem-se por objetivo apresentar um relato de caso clínico sobre OM na região posterior da mandíbula, bem como sua associação a uma insatisfatória implantação dentária onde houve desenvolvimento de lesão peri-implantar. Paciente do gênero feminino, 53 anos, melanoderma, apresentou dor crônica, abaulamento ósseo sem outros sinais significativos na região de molares inferiores no lado direito, radiograficamente visualizava-se imagem mista sendo sugestiva de sequestro ósseo. Na história pregressa relatou ter realizado explantação na referida região após ser diagnosticada com peri implantite. Ao final do estudo concluiu-se que a afecção teve como causa a infecção bacteriana proveniente de contaminação durante a inserção de implante dentário. Optou-se por remoção cirúrgica do osso necrótico e inflamado... (AU)

Osteomyelitis of the Jaws (OM) is a bone inflammation, of mostly infectious origin, which can affect the medullary and cortical portion of the maxillary bones. It presents itself to a greater extent in the mandible, due to the poor blood supply that it has, being more prevalent in men between the age group of 40 to 60 years. Its etiology is mainly related to odontogenic infections, secondary infections and occasional foreign bodies, such as dental implants. The objective is to present a clinical case report on OM in the posterior region of the mandible, as well as its association with an unsatisfactory dental implantation, where there was development of a peri-implant lesion. Female patient, 53 years old, melanoderma, presented chronic pain, bone bulging without other significant signs in the region of lower molars on the right side, radiographically a mixed image was visualized, suggesting bone sequestration. In her previous history, she reported having performed explantation in that region after being diagnosed with peri-implantitis. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the disease was caused by bacterial infection from contamination during dental implant insertion. We opted for surgical removal of the necrotic and inflamed bone... (AU)

La osteomielitis de los maxilares (OM) es una inflamación de los huesos, en su mayoría de origen infeccioso, que puede afectar la porción medular y cortical de los huesos maxilares. Se presenta en mayor medida en la mandíbula, debido a la escasa irrigación sanguínea que tiene, siendo más prevalente en hombres entre el grupo de edad de 40 a 60 años. Su etiología se relaciona principalmente con infecciones odontogénicas, infecciones secundarias y cuerpos extraños ocasionales, como los implantes dentales. El objetivo es presentar un reporte de caso de OM en la región posterior de la mandíbula, así como su asociación con una implantación dentaria insatisfactoria a partir de la cual desarrollamos una lesión periimplantaria. Paciente femenina, 53 años, melanodermia, presenta dolor crónico, tumefacción ósea con otros signos significativos en región molar inferior del lado derecho, radiográficamente se visualiza imagen mixta sugestiva de pérdida ósea. En su historia previa menciona haber realizado una explantación en esa región tras ser diagnosticada de periimplantitis. Al final del estudio, se concluyó que la enfermedad fue causada por una infección bacteriana provocada por la contaminación durante la inserción del implante dental. Se optó por la extirpación quirúrgica de la piel necrótica e inflamada... (AU)

Clinical effects of en bloc resection and debridement combined with gluteus maximus muscle flap in the treatment of ischial tubercle pressure ulcer complicated with chronic osteomyelitis / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of en bloc resection and debridement combined with gluteus maximus muscle flap in the treatment of ischial tubercle pressure ulcer complicated with chronic osteomyelitis. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. From May 2018 to February 2020, 8 patients with pressure ulcers on the ischial tuberosity combined with chronic osteomyelitis who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Fuyang Minsheng Hospital, including 5 males and 3 females, aged 38-69 years, with unilateral lesions in 6 patients and bilateral lesions in 2 patients. According to the anatomical classification of Cierny-Mader osteomyelitis, there were 6 patients (7 sides) with focal type, and 2 patients (3 sides) with diffuse type. The wound areas were 3 cm×2 cm to 12 cm×9 cm on admission. The pressure ulcer and chronic osteomyelitis lesions were completely removed by en bloc resection and debridement. The chronic infectious lesions were transformed into sterile incisions like fresh wounds by one surgical procedure, and the gluteus maximus muscle flaps with areas of 10 cm×6 cm to 15 cm×9 cm were excised to transfer and fill the ineffective cavity. The wounds of 5 patients were sutured directly, and the wounds of 3 patients were closed by local flap transfer. The intraoperative blood loss volume and blood transfusion, and length of hospital stay of patients were recorded. The incision healing and flap survival of patients were observed after operation. The recurrence of pressure ulcer and osteomyelitis, the appearance of the affected area, and the secondary dysfunction and deformity of the muscle flap donor site of patients were observed during followed up. Results: The intraoperative blood loss volume of the 8 patients was 220 to 900 (430±150) mL; 5 patients received intraoperative blood transfusion, of which 2 patients received 3 U suspended red blood cells and 3 patients received 2 U suspended red blood cells. The length of hospital stay was 18 to 29 (23.5±2.0) d for the 8 patients. In this group of patients, the incisions of 7 patients healed, while in one case, the incision suture was torn off during turning over and healed after secondary suture. The flaps survived well in 3 patients who underwent local flap transfer. During the follow-up period of 6-20 months, no recurrence of pressure ulcer or osteomyelitis occurred in 8 patients, the affected part had skin with good texture, mild pigmentation, and no sinus tract formation, and no secondary dysfunction or deformity occurred in the donor site. Conclusions: The en bloc resection and debridement combined with gluteus maximus muscle flap has good clinical effects on ischial tubercle pressure ulcer complicated with chronic osteomyelitis. Neither pressure ulcer nor osteomyelitis recurs post operation. The skin texture and appearance of the affected area are good, and the donor site has no secondary dysfunction or deformity.

Effect of calcium sulfate on promoting natural healing of docking sites during bone transport / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To observe clinical effect of calcium sulfate on promoting natural healing of docking sites during bone transport.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was performed on the patients with posttraumatic chronic osteomyelitis treated by bone transport and calcium sulfate implantation from January 2013 to January 2018. There were 23 males and 4 females, aged from 20 to 61 years old with an average of (44.30±10.00) years, the courses of disease ranged from 3 to 86 months with an average of(13.26±16.47) months. Sixteen patients with posttraumatic chronic osteomyelitis were caused by internal fixation of closed fractures, and 11 patients were caused by open fractures. The length of bone defects after debridement ranged from 4 to 14 cm with an average of(9.11±2.57) cm. Postoperative complications, natural healing rate of the docking sites, external fixation index were observed, Checketts & Otterburn pin-tract infection classification was used to evaluate pin-tract infection, and Paley evaluation criteria was used to evaluate bone and function results.@*RESULTS@#Twenty-seven patients were followed up from 26 to 41 months with an average of (31.32±3.37) months. It did not happened skin embedded between bone stumps in all patients. All patients obtained bone union at (17.78±5.43) months after operation.Among them, 25 patients healed naturally in the docking sites, 2 patients with poor compliance healed after debridement and bone grafting in the docking sites. One patient occurred equines deformity, and no re-fracture or recurrence of infection occurred. According to Checketts & Otterburn pin tract infection classification, 22 patients (41 pin tracts)occurred pin-tract infection with varying degrees. The average external fixation index was (2.02±0.24) months/cm(ranged from 1.6 to 2.4 months/cm). According to Paley evaluation criteria, bony results showed 21 patients obtained excellent results, 5 good, and 1 moderate;functional results showed 19 patients got excellent results, 7 good, and 1 moderate.@*CONCLUSION@#During bone transport, the implantation of calcium sulfate on the bone defect areas could prevent skin embedding between the bone stumps, benefit for the natural healing of the docking sites, and could avoid the second-stage debridement and bone grafting for most patients. However, it should be noted that compliance needs to be increased.

Manejo de defectos óseos complejos por la técnica de inducción de membrana / Membrane induced technique in the management of complex osseous defects

El manejo de pseudoartrosis infectadas, osteomielitis y defectos óseos representa un reto enorme para el cirujano ortopedista. Hace diez años, Masquelet presentó la técnica de inducción de membrana como alternativa al manejo de las complicaciones mencionadas arriba con excelentes tasas de consolidación y erradicación del proceso infeccioso. Estudiamos una de serie de 14 casos, prospectiva, con seguimiento clínico y radiológico mínimo de 2 años (enero 2015-diciembre 2018), donde evaluamos múltiples variables en pacientes a quienes se les realizó el protocolo de Masquelet. Obtuvimos una tasa de consolidación de 85,7% (12/14). Con un tiempo promedio para alcanzarla de 6,1 meses (3-9m). Todos los pacientes que lograron la consolidación se encontraban libres de infección al final del seguimiento. Por su reproducibilidad y alta tasa de consolidación, consideramos la técnica de inducción de membrana, como una excelente opción en el manejo de pseudoartrosis infectadas complejas(AU)

The management of infected nonunions, osteomyelitis, and bone defects represents an enormous challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. Ten years ago, Masquelet presented the membrane induction technique as an alternative to the management of the complications afore mentioned with excellent rates of consolidation and eradication of the infectious process. We prospectively studied a series of 14 cases, with a clinical and radiological follow-up of at least 2 years (january 2015-december 2018). Where we evaluated multiple variables in patients who underwent the Masquelet protocol. We obtained a consolidation rate of 85.7% (12/14). With an average time to reach it of 6.1 months (3-9m). All patients who achieved union were free of infection at the end of follow-up. Due to its reproducibility and high consolidation rate, we consider the membrane induction technique an excellent option in the management of complex infected nonunions(AU)

Desbridamiento artroscópico de osteomielitis de rodilla por Fusobacterium Nucleatum en niño de 4 años. Reporte de caso con 8 años de seguimiento / Arthroscopic debridement in knee osteomyelitis by Fusobacterium Nucleatum in a 4 years-old child

La infección osteoarticular por microorganismos anaerobios es infrecuente, siendo la infección por fusobacterium nucleatum en niños muy rara. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 4 años que consulta por dolor, limitación funcional, y signos inflamatorios locales en la rodilla derecha de 1 mes de evolución, con ausencia de fiebre y sin antecedente traumático previo. Las pruebas de imagen objetivan una lesión lítica en cóndilo femoral externo con una colección en el espacio articular. Con el diagnóstico de osteomielitis en cóndilo femoral externo y artritis séptica de rodilla, se realizaron dos artroscopias consecutivas para desbridamiento articular y curetaje de la lesión. Se instauró terapia antibiótica intravenosa empírica y posteriormente específica tras el aislamiento de fusobacterium nucleatum. Fue necesario la identificación microbiológica mediante PCR universal 16S r ARN, ante la negatividad repetida de los cultivos.Tras 8 años de seguimiento el niño no presenta signos de infección local, las imágenes radiológicas del defecto osteocondral han mejorado y a la exploración muestra una correcta movilidad realizando una vida normal, incluso actividad deportiva. Tipo de Trabajo: Reporte de Caso. Nivel Evidencia: V

Osteoarticular infection by anaerobic microorganisms is infrequent in children, specially caused by Fusobacterium Nucleatum.A 4-year-old male patient that consults for pain, functional limitation and local inflammatory signs on the right knee, without fever for a 1-month, and no history of trauma. The radiological images showed a lytic lesion in the external femoral condyle with a collection in the joint space. After the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in external femoral condyle and septic arthritis of the knee, two consecutive arthroscopies were carried out for joint debridement and curettage of the lesion.Previously the isolation of fusobacterium nucleatum an empirical intravenous antibiotic therapy was instituted. Microbiological identification by 16S rRNA universal PCR was necessary in view of the repeated negativity of the cultures. Once the diagnosis is carried out, a more specific antibiotic treatment could be administered. After 8 years of follow-up, the child showed no signs of local infection, the radiological images of the osteochondral defect had improved. On physical examination the child presented a correct mobility leading a normal life and even doing sport. Type of Study: Case report. Level of Evidence: V

Successful medical drainage and surgical treatment for vertebral osteomyelitis and bilateral psoas abscess with gas formation caused by klebsiella pneumoniae in a diabetic patient

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We describe the case of a diabetic patient who developed vertebral osteomyelitis and bilateral psoas abscess with gas formation due to klebsiella pneumoniae. METHODS: A 64-year-old woman with a 4-year history of type-2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to the Emergency Department. The subject had a 2-day history of high-grade fever associated with chills and a 5-hour history of consciousness. She received empirical treatment with febrifuge, after which her fever decreased. RESULTS: Her fever recurred after an interval of three hours. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed vertebral osteomyelitis and bilateral psoas muscle abscess with gas formation. Blood culture and purulent fluid described the growth of the Klebsiella pneumoniae. The patient received antibiotic therapy and bilateral drainage therapy after the drainage catheter was placed into the abscess cavity by CT-guidance. Due to the serious damage to the vertebral column and permanent pain, the patient underwent minimally invasive internal spinal fixation and recovered successfully. CONCLUSION: A case of vertebral osteomyelitis and bilateral psoas abscess with gas formation caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in a diabetic patient. Antibiotic therapy, drainage, and minimally invasive internal spinal fixation were performed, which enabled a good outcome.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Descrever o caso de uma paciente diabética que desenvolveu osteomielite vertebral e abcesso bilateral do psoas com formação de gás causada por klebsiella pneumoniae. MÉTODOS: Uma mulher de 64 anos de idade, com 4 anos de histórico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, foi admitida no Serviço de Emergência. A paciente apresentava um quadro de dias de febre alta acompanhada de calafrios e um histórico de 5 horas de consciência. Ela recebeu tratamento empírico com antitérmico, após o qual a febre diminuiu. RESULTADOS: A febre retornou após um intervalo de três horas. Uma tomografia computadorizada do abdome revelou osteomielite vertebral e abcesso bilateral do músculo psoas com formação de gás. A cultura do sangue e o fluido purulento revelaram o crescimento de Klebsiella pneumoniae. A paciente recebeu antibióticos e terapia de drenagem bilateral após o cateter de drenagem ser posicionado na cavidade do abscesso com auxílio de TC. Devido a sérios danos à coluna vertebral e a dor permanente, a paciente foi submetida à fixação vertebral interna minimamente invasiva e recuperou-se com sucesso. CONCLUSÃO: Um caso de osteomielite vertebral e abscesso do psoas bilateral com a formação de gás causada por Klebsiella pneumoniae em uma paciente diabética. Antibioticoterapia, drenagem e fixação vertebral interna minimamente invasiva foram realizadas, o que permitiu um bom resultado.

Fat grafting associated with negative pressure wound therapy

Abstract Purpose: To describe a case report of FG associated with NPWT in the treatment of complex wound on the distal third of the lower limb with bone exposure. Case Report: A 59-year-old patient with chronic left tibial osteomyelitis since childhood underwent extensive debridement of the distal tibial diaphysis (40% of bone thickness per 10 cm extension) and placement of bioactive glass S53P4. Distal necrosis occurred in the fasciocutaneous flap used as the primary bone coverage. After flap debridement, the case was resolved with FG, directly on the exposed bone and biomaterial, associated with NPWT. Three weeks after the first FG session over bony tissue, 100% granulation was achieved with NPWT. The closure was completed with thin laminated skin graft over the granulated wound area. Discussion: The association of FG and NPWT is not known in the clinical practice. Except for the only one experimental study described by Kao et al.4, the theme was not addressed in the medical literature before. In this clinical case, the result obtained regarding the granulation tissue formation drew attention and prevented the use of more complex flaps such as the microsurgical ones. Accelerated granulation tissue formation was observed, filling an extensive and deep bone defect, even with infected bone and biomaterial. Low morbidity and no complications were observed with the use of FG associated with NPWT. When the grafted fat was compacted with the NPWT, it seemed to behave as a true autologous biological matrix with large amount of cells. To date, scientific studies on fat grafting have focused on the cellular aspect (adipocytes and mesenchymal cells), growth factors and fat differentiation in different tissues. The property of aspirated adipose tissue as a biological matrix seemed to be revealed by the application of NPWT in association with FG. This new roll for the aspirated fat tissue may represent a new research field in plastic surgery.

Fechamento de hemicorporectomia com utilização do retalho subtotal unilateral da coxa: relato de caso / Closure of hemicorporectomy using a subtotal unilateral tight flap: a case report

A hemicorporectomia ou amputação translombar foi primeiramente descrita em 1950 por Kredel como método curativo para neoplasia localmente avançada de pelve. Trata-se de um procedimento cirúrgico extenso, que quando bem indicado é capaz de prover a cura oncológica, além de possibilitar a melhora clínica e de qualidade de vida. Os autores apresentam o relato de caso de um paciente de 34 anos, com carcinoma espinocelular em úlcera de pressão crônica, acometendo períneo, glúteo e coxa posterior à direita. O paciente foi submetido à hemicorporectomia com reconstrução utilizando retalho subtotal da coxa esquerda. Observou-se boa evolução no pós-operatório e a utilização do retalho subtotal da coxa para fechamento da hemicorporectomia se mostrou como método seguro, eficiente e de técnica reprodutível.

Hemicorporectomy or translumbar amputation was first described in 1950 by Kredel to treat locally advanced pelvic neoplasia. This extensive surgical procedure can achieve oncological cure and improve clinical status and quality of life. The authors present a case report of a 34-yearold patient with squamous cell carcinoma in a chronic pressure ulcer affecting the right perineum, gluteus, and posterior thigh. The patient underwent hemicorporectomy with reconstructive surgery using a partial-thickness flap of the left thigh. The postoperative course was good, and the use of a partial-thickness flap of the thigh to close the hemicorporectomy proved to be safe, efficient, and reproducible.

Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis of the Mandible Treated with Antibiotics Complemented with Surgical Treatment: A Case Report / Osteomielitis Crónica Supurativa en Mandíbula Tratada con Antibióticos y Cirugía: Reporte de Caso

ABSTRACT: Osteomyelitis is an infection that affects bone and bone marrow, it occurs due to inoculation of microorganisms either directly or by continuous accumulation through a hematogenous way. Female patient, 64 years old, presenting an increase of volume of the parotid masseteric region and right submandibular region, with approximately two weeks of evolution, which had a slightly fluctuating, hyperemic and hyperthermic indurated consistency; the patient complained of severe pain. CT scan and biopsy was indicated. It is imperative to identify the causative agent; the use of antibiotics must be complemented by surgical treatment to eliminate the possibility of a remaining infection.

RESUMEN: La osteomielitis es un proceso infeccioso que afecta al hueso y medula ósea y que se produce debido a la inoculación de microorganismos ya sea de manera directa, por continuidad o bien por medio de la vía hematógena. Paciente femenino de 64 años de edad que presentaba aumento de volumen en región submandibular derecha refiriendo dolor intenso con evolución de 2 semanas aproximadamente, el cual era de consistencia indurada ligeramente fluctuante, hiperémico e hipertérmico; la paciente se quejaba de dolor intenso, se indicó TC y biopsia. En estos casos para tener éxito en el tratamiento el uso de antibióticos debe complementarse con desbridamiento quirúrgico, aunado a un seguimiento estrecho para descartar la posibilidad de una infección remanente.

Análise crítica do protocolo de tratamento da ferida operatória complicada após esternotomia para cirurgia cardíaca / Analysis of the treatment protocol for sternotomy wound infection after cardiac surgery

Introdução: As complicações de ferida operatória após esternotomia para acessos cirúrgicos para procedimentos cardiovasculares variam desde pequenas deiscências até mediastinite e osteomielite do esterno. Mediastinite e osteomielite do esterno associam-se a alto risco, alta morbidade e altas taxas de mortalidade, além de altas taxas de recidiva. O tratamento nos casos de maior gravidade envolvem internação hospitalar prolongada. A utilização de antibióticos por tempo prolongado, durante a internação, e após a alta, tem impacto importante no custo global do tratamento. Mais recentemente, uma opção de tratamento envolve o amplo debridamento cirúrgico da ferida em centro cirúrgico, preparo do leito da ferida com terapia por pressão negativa, seguida do fechamento da ferida com retalhos miocutâneos ou fasciocutâneos. Aparentemente, essa estratégia traz vantagens como a melhora na qualidade de vida do paciente, menor manipulação e menor incômodo ao doente, menos sobrecarga para os profissionais de saúde envolvidos nos cuidados, menor taxa de recidiva infecciosa e, assim, redução da morbidade do tratamento como um todo. Métodos: O presente estudo tem por objetivo realizar levantamento dos pacientes vítimas dessa grave complicação que tenham sido tratados segundo protocolo desenvolvido e aprimorado no Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor - HCFMUSP), e que tenham sido operados por um mesmo cirurgião plástico, a fim de analisar o perfil epidemiológico, e eventual indicador de pior prognóstico dentre os exames colhidos habitualmente desses pacientes. Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, os prontuários dos pacientes atendidos no InCor - HCFMUSP vítimas de infecção de esternotomia durante o ano de 2014. As variáveis analisadas foram comorbidades, intervalo entre abordagens cirúrgicas, valores de Proteína C Reativa (PCR), procedimento empregado no fechamento da ferida, complicações do tratamento, entre outros. Resultados: Os dados são essencialmente descritivos e de caráter epidemiológico: observa-se a incidência de ao menos uma comorbidade em 84% dos pacientes; média de 2,5 procedimentos cirúrgicos por paciente, variando de 1 a 7 procedimentos; queda nos níveis de PCR em 75% dos pacientes já após o primeiro procedimento cirúrgico e mortalidade de 17%, entre outros dados. Conclusão: Os dados analisados nos permitem concluir que o método padronizado adotado trouxe impacto na redução da mortalidade global dos pacientes, além da redução de recidiva e reinternações. Identificamos, ainda, indicadores de pior prognóstico como PCR e leucograma no momento do diagnóstico e indicação da aplicação do protocolo.

Introduction: Surgical wound complications after sternotomy in cardiovascular procedures include small dehiscences, mediastinitis, and sternal osteomyelitis. Mediastinitis and sternal osteomyelitis are high-risk complications associated with high rates of morbidity, mortality, and recurrence. Treatment of the most severe cases involves prolonged hospitalization. Moreover, the long-term use of antibiotics during hospitalization and after discharge significantly increases the overall cost of treatment. A recent treatment option involves extensive surgical debridement of the surgical wound, treatment of the wound bed with negative pressure therapy, and closure of the wound with myocutaneous or fasciocutaneous flaps. The advantages of this strategy include improvement of the patient's quality of life, less manipulation and less discomfort for the patient, less burden on staff involved in care, lower rate of infection recurrence, and an overall reduction of treatment morbidity. Methods: The objective of this study was to conduct a retrospective survey of patients with surgical wound complications who were treated according to a protocol developed and improved by the Heart Institute of the Clinic Hospital of the School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo­InCor/HC-FM-USP), and who underwent surgery by the same plastic surgeon. The epidemiological profiles and possible indicators of worse prognosis were determined from routine examinations performed on these patients. The medical records of patients treated at InCor/HC-FM-USP who presented with sternotomy infection in 2014 were assessed retrospectively. The analyzed variables included comorbidities, interval between surgical procedures, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, wound closure procedures, and treatment complications, among others. Results: The data are predominantly descriptive and epidemiological. At least one comorbidity was present in 84% of cases. The mean number of surgical procedures per patient was 2.5, ranging from 1 to 7. The CRP levels decreased in 75% of patients after the first surgical procedure, and the mortality rate was 17%. Conclusion: The standardized method adopted significantly decreased the overall mortality and the rates of recurrence and readmission. Indicators of worse prognosis, including CRP levels and the leukogram, were identified at the time of diagnosis and initiation of the treatment protocol.

Factores pronósticos de complicaciones postquirúrgicas en pacientes con infecciones óseas y seudoartrosis / Prognostic factors for post surgical complications in bone infection and pseudarthrosis

Resumen: La infección ósea y la seudoartrosis son las principales complicaciones ortopédicas en cuyo tratamiento intervienen múltiples factores en la tasa de falla al tratar de corregirlas. Conocer estos factores fue el problema que originó la investigación a través de un estudio longitudinal y prospectivo de una cohorte histórica de 83 pacientes de 43.3 ± 16.1 años de edad tratados por seudoartrosis asépticas y sépticas, osteomielitis, osteítis, consolidación viciosa o prótesis infectadas, el desenlace se relacionó con los factores pronósticos sistémicos y locales tomados del modelo de Cierny-Mader como factores que afectan la vigilancia inmunológica, el metabolismo y la vascularización local. Para el análisis bivariado se aplicó χ2 o el test exacto de Fisher; para el análisis multivariado se aplicó el modelo de regresión logística binaria no condicional con método de Wald hacia atrás para seleccionar los factores pronósticos significativos. El error alfa se fijó ≤ 0.05. Las complicaciones se presentaron en 51.8% de los casos. Los factores locales (linfedema, arteritis, insuficiencia venosa y pérdida de piel) con una OR de 5.0 (IC 95% 1.0-24.9, p = 0.03), las seudoartrosis sépticas con OR de 5.0 (IC 95% 1.9-13.0, p = 0.001) y fracturas segmentarias con OR de 3.2 (IC 95% 0.8-13.0, p = 0.07) fueron los factores pronósticos identificados en el análisis bivariado; sin embargo, la regresión logística sólo seleccionó como factor significativo a las seudoartrosis sépticas. Es necesario detectar y en su caso controlar o eliminar dichos factores que pueden incidir directamente en malos resultados postquirúrgicos.

Abstract: Bone infection and nonunion are the main orthopedic and traumatic complications whose treatment remains a challenge because multiple factors are involved in the rate of failures when you try to correct them. Knowing these factors were the problem that caused the research through a prospective longitudinal study of 83 patients of 43.3 ± 16.1 years old. They were treated for aseptic and septic nonunion, osteomyelitis, osteitis, malunion or infected joint replacement. The cases were classified with or without postoperative complications and outcome related to systemic and local factors taken prognostic model Cierny-Mader as factors affecting immune surveillance, metabolism and local vascularization. For bivariate analysis of data χ2 it was applied or where appropriate Fisher's exact test; for multivariate analysis model not conditional binary logistic regression method was applied Wald backward to select the significant prognostic factors. The alpha error was set ≤ 0.05. General complications occurred in 51.8% of cases. Local factors (lymphedema, arteritis, venous insufficiency, loss of skin) with an OR of 5.0 (95% CI 1.0-24.9, p = 0.03), septic nonunion with OR of 5.0 (95% CI 1.9-13.0, p = 0.001) and segmental fractures with an OR of 3.2 (95% CI 0.8-13.0, p = 0.07) were the prognostic factors identified in the bivariate analysis; however, the logistic regression only selected as the septic pseudoarthrosis as a significant factor. It is necessary to detect and if necessary control or eliminate those factors that can directly affect poor postoperative results.

Osteomielitis en el cóndilo mandibular y su relación con la anemia / Osteomyelitis in the condyle of the jaw and its relationship with anemia

La osteomielitis se define como una inflamación progresiva del hueso, que se produce con mayor frecuencia en los huesos largos del cuerpo. Su etiología se relaciona con factores locales y/o sistémicos los que incluyen la anemia. La osteomielitis resultante de la anemia de células falciformes genera que la sangre sea más viscosa produciendo un bajo flujo sanguíneo conduciendo a infarto isquémico y necrosis del hueso, rara vez causado en los huesos faciales. Paciente ingresado a urgencia por un aumento de volumen en la región preauricular izquierda de un mes de evolución, blando, fluctuante, límites mal definidos, de 5x4 cm de diámetro, afebril, sin cambios de coloración. Presentaba trismus y dolor a la palpación. Hace cinco meses había sido tratado por una osteomielitis frontoparietal izquierda con absceso subgaleal. Antecedentes mórbidos del paciente: alcohólico crónico y anemia en tratamiento. El paciente fue hospitalizado con tratamiento de Clocaxiclina endovenoso, coleccionándose en la región preauricular. Se realizó la biopsia dando como resultado osteomielitis de cóndilo mandibular. La osteomielitis presentada en el cóndilo mandibular pudo ser recidiva de la osteomielitis anterior o haber sido causada por la anemia. Sin embargo, la osteomielitis frontoparietal se presentó sin causa aparente, pudiendo relacionarla con la anemia que cursaba.

Osteomyelitis is defined as a progressive inflammation of the bone, which occurs most frequently in the long bones of the body. Its etiology is related to local and / or systemic factors that include anemia. Osteomyelitis resulting from sickle cell anemia results in the blood being more viscous producing a low blood flow leading to ischemic attack and bone necrosis. Patient presented with increased volume in the left preauricular region following one month of evolution, soft, fluctuating, ill-defined limits, 5x4 cm in diameter, afebrile, without discoloration. He had trismus, tenderness and had been admitted to the emergency room five months earlier, for osteomyelitis with subgaleal abscess. Patient`s background included anemia and treatment for chronic alcoholism. The patient was hospitalized with intravenous treatment of cloxacilline, resulting in increased preauricular volume with defined limits. Results following a biopsy showed condyle osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis presented in the condyle may be the recurrence of osteomyelitis or may have been caused by the anemia. However, frontoparietal osteomyelitis has no apparent cause and could be associated with anemia.

Reconstrução torácica com retalhos do músculo reto abdominal e grande dorsal: relato de casos / Chest wall reconstruction using abdominal rectus and latissimus dorsi muscle flaps: case report

INTRODUÇÃO: A reconstrução da parede torácica ainda permanece como um dos grandes desafios da cirurgia plástica reparadora. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar o relato de pacientes submetidos à reconstrução de parede torácica com a utilização de retalhos miocutâneos, após ressecções de parede por tumores/osteomielite. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos quatro pacientes, três deles portadores de osteomielite e o último apresentando-se com sarcoma, todas as afecções acometendo a parede torácica. Foram submetidos à ressecção de parede e reconstrução com retalhos miocutâneos do grande dorsal (dois casos) e reto abdominal (dois casos). RESULTADOS: Os retalhos utilizados foram suficientes para cobertura cutâneo-muscular e mantiveram boa vitalidade. Em apenas um caso, houve sofrimento parcial do retalho. Não houve recidiva precoce da doença. A estabilidade da caixa torácica foi preservada. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização dos retalhos citados no reparo dos defeitos torácicos mostrou-se satisfatória na intenção de prover revestimento cutâneo e músculo bem vascularizado, este fundamental no combate aos quadros infecciosos locais.

INTRODUCTION: Chest wall reconstruction remains one of the great plastic surgery repair challenges. The present work aims to report on cases of chest wall reconstruction using myocutaneous flaps after wall resection due to tumor/osteomyelitis. METHODS: Four patients were included, among which three presented with osteomyelitis and the other presented with sarcoma; both of these conditions affected the chest wall. Each patient underwent wall resection and reconstruction using myocutaneous flaps from the latissimus dorsi (two cases) and abdominal rectus (two cases). RESULTS: The flaps used were sufficient for skin-muscle covering and maintained good vitality. Partial flap injury occurred in one case. Chest cavity stability was preserved. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the above flaps to repair chest defects was satisfactory with the aim of covering the skin and providing well-vascularized muscles, the latter of which was fundamental to preventing local infection.

Garré's sclerosing osteomyelitis: case report

The aim of this study was to report on a rare case of Garré's sclerosing osteomyelitis. The patient was a 54-year-old woman with a history of treatment for lupus using corticoids for 20 years, and for osteoporosis using alendronate for five years. She presented edema and developed a limitation of left knee movement one year earlier, with mild effusion and pain on metaphyseal palpation, but without fever. She was in a good general state, without local secretion. Images of her knee showed trabecular osteolysis of the distal metaphysis of the femur and a periosteal reaction in both proximal tibias and both distal femurs, compatible with chronic osteomyelitis of low virulence and slow progression. Magnetic resonance imaging showed T2 hypersignal in the femur and tibia. Curettage was performed on the left distal femur, with release of secretion, but this was negative on culturing. A biopsy showed chronic infection and inflammation, fibrosis, xanthogranulomatous reaction and foci of suppuration. Antibiotic therapy was administered for six months. The etiology was not clarified: bacterial infection was suspected, but culturing was generally negative. The chronic process was maintained by low-virulence infection or even after treatment. The differential diagnoses were fibrous dysplasia, syphilis, pustulosis palmoplantaris, rectocolitis, Crohn's disease, SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis) and Paget's disease. The unifocal diseases were osteoid osteoma, Ewing's disease, osteosarcoma and eosinophilic granuloma...

Relatar um caso raro de osteomielite esclerosante de Garrè. Paciente feminino, 54 anos, com história de tratamento de lúpus com corticoide havia 20 anos e osteoporose, em uso de alendronato havia cinco anos. Apresentava edema e limitação do joelho esquerdo havia um ano, derrame leve, dor à palpação metafisária, afebril, bom estado geral, sem secreção local. Imagens do joelho evidenciaram osteólise trabecular da metáfise distal do fêmur e reação periosteal nas duas tíbias proximais e nos dois fêmures distais, compatíveis com osteomielite crônica, de baixa virulência e progressão lenta. Hipersinal em T2 no fêmur e tíbia à ressonância. Curetagem do fêmur distal esquerdo, com saída de secreção, mas cultura negativa. Biópsia evidenciou infecção e inflamação crônica, fibrose, reação xantogranulomatosa e focos de supuração. Feita antibioticoterapia por seis meses. Etiologia não esclarecida, suspeita de infecção bacteriana, mas geralmente a cultura é negativa, processo crônico mantido por infecção de baixa virulência ou mesmo após o tratamento. Diagnósticos diferenciais: displasia fibrosa, sífilis, pustulose palmoplantar, retocolite, Crohn, Sapho (sinovite, acne, pustulose, hiperostose, osteíte) e Paget. Unifocais: osteoma osteoide, Ewing, osteossarcoma e granuloma eosinofílico...

Calcanectomia subtotal para tratamento de úlcera de pressão com osteomielite associada: relato de 2 casos / Subtotal calcanectomy for the treatment of calcaneal pressure sores with associated osteomyelitis: a report of 2 cases

Introdução: Feridas em pés são muito frequentes e requerem abordagem multidisciplinar para a sua prevenção, tratamento e reabilitação. Quando acometem o calcâneo, oferecem dificuldade ainda maior e podem apresentar complicação com a ocorrência de osteomielite. Debridamento de tecido desvitalizado e antibioticoterapia são etapas obrigatórias para o tratamento. Na reconstrução, retalhos locais ou livres são necessários. Porém, nem todos os pacientes, devido a condições sistêmicas ou de vascularização local, são candidatos a esse tipo de reconstrução e acabam sendo submetidos a amputações. Relato de caso: Os autores relatam dois casos nos quais foram utilizadas calcanectomias subtotais para o tratamento de feridas em calcâneo. Em ambos os casos, foram evitadas as amputações.

Introduction: Feet wounds are very common and require multidisciplinary approach for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. When involving the calcaneus, they offer even greater difficulty and may complicate with osteomyelitis. Debridement of devitalized tissue and antibiotics are important steps for treatment. For the reconstruction, local or free flaps are needed. However, not all patients, due to systemic conditions or local blood supply, are not candidates for this type of reconstruction and some times are submitted to amputations. Cases Report: The authors report two cases in which subtotals calcanectomies were used for the treatment of wounds in the calcaneus. In both cases, amputations were avoided.

Osteomielitis maxilar y mandibular en pacientes pediátricos / Pediatric maxillary and mandibular osteomyelitis

Introducción: La osteomielitis es un cuadro, de presentación ocasional, que resulta como complicación de diversas etiologías y requiere un tratamiento quirúrgico y médico inmediato. Objetivos: Evaluar los resultados de patología informados como osteomielitis a nivel de los maxilares en pacientes pediátricos, tanto de la mandíbula como del maxilar superior, los cuales requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico y cobertura antibiótica en el periodo del 2008 – 2013. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, realizado en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño. Resultados: Se encontró predominio en el sexo masculino (64.7%) y mayor presentación en menores de 10 años de edad (91%), la mandíbula fue en mayor frecuencia afectada (92,1%); con predominio de osteomielitis crónica en 82,4% de los casos. La región del cuerpo y ángulo mandibular resultaron los más afectados con 75 y 62,5% respectivamente. A todos los pacientes se les realizó limpieza quirúrgica y remoción de secuestros óseos con exodoncias de las piezas comprometidas. Conclusión: La cirugía junto a la cobertura antibiótica son la base del tratamiento el cual se busca erradicar el foco infeccioso y al microorganismo patógeno. Proponemos como cobertura antibiótica clindamicina y penicilina resistente a betalactamasa durante 8 semanas, en forma parenteral por 2 semanas como mínimo y luego vía oral hasta completar el tratamiento.

Introduction: Osteomyelitis is a picture of casual presentation, resulting as a complication of various etiologies and requires immediate surgical and medical treatment. Objective: To evaluate the results of pathology-level reported as osteomyelitis of the jaws in pediatric patients , both the jaw and the upper jaw, which required surgical treatment and antibiotic coverage, for the period from 2008 to 2013. Material Methods: Study descriptive, retrospective , held at the National Institute of Child Health Results : predominance was found in males ( 64.7 %) and higher filing under 10 years of age (91%), the mandible was more frequently affected (92.1 %) with a predominance of chronic osteomyelitis in 82.4 % of cases . The region of the mandibular body and angle were the most affected with 75 and 62.5 % respectively. All patients were performed surgical cleaning and removal of sequestra with extractions of compromised parts. Conclusion: Surgery with antibiotic coverage are the mainstay of therapy , which seeks to eradicate the source of infection and the pathogen. We propose as clindamycin antibiotic coverage lactamase resistant penicillin for 8 weeks parenterally for at least 2 weeks and then orally until complete.

Úlcera de Marjolin associada a ulceração e osteomielite crônicas / Marjolin's ulcer associated with ulceration and chronic osteomyelitis

Doente do sexo masculino, de 78 anos, portador de uma úlcera venosa crônica na perna esquerda, com cerca de 24 anos de evolução, complicada por carcinoma espinocelular. Após o estadia mento da doença, o tratamento preconizado foi amputação acima do joelho esquerdo. A úlcera de Marjolin é a transformação maligna de uma lesão ulcerosa crônica. Trata-se de um fenômeno relativamente raro. A neoplasia maligna mais frequentemente descrita na literatura é o carcinoma espinocelular, seguido do basalioma, sarcoma e melanoma. A sua patogenia permanece pouco compreendida.

This report describes a 78-year old male patient with a chronic venous ulcer on his left leg for the past 24 years, complicated by a squamous-cell carcinoma. After staging of the disease, the treatment administered was amputation of the leg above the knee. Marjolin's ulcer consists of the malignant transformation of a chronic ulcerative lesion. It is a relatively rare phenomenon. The malignant tumor most commonly described in the literature is squamous cell carcinoma, followed by basal-cell carcinoma, sarcoma and melanoma. The pathogenesis of Marjolin's ulcer remains to be fully clarified.

Gaining retention, support and stability of a maxillary obturator

Construction of a maxillectomy obturator for any surgical defect requires optimum retention, stability and obturation of defect. In the following case a closed hollow bulb obturator was constructed while utilizing surveying and neutral zone impression technique. After insertion, soft liner was applied to record functional impression of the surgical defect. The obturator was resurfaced with heat cure acrylic to improve the outcome. Patient was able to masticate adequately and speak comprehensively. Patients' resonance, speech, retention and stability were markedly improved. Follow-up was done weekly in first month, fortnightly for the next 2 months then after every 3 months. In succeeding years it will be once every year